- Julius Caesar's army defeated Pompey's army on the plain of Pharsalus in the Roman province of Archaea (Macedonia). Pompey fled to Egypt, closely followed by Caesar and his army
- Egypt was an ancient civilisation in North Africa which at this time was ruled by King Ptolemy XIII. King Ptolemy murdered Pompey as a peace offering to Caesar
- Caesar remained in Egypt and fell in love with Cleopatra, King Ptolemy's half sister. Cleopatra and Caesar had a son named Caesarion
- Cleopatra was a rival for King Ptolemy's power in Egypt, which brought Caesar into conflict with Ptolemy. Caesar defeated Ptolemy and his army and made Cleopatra the queen of Egypt
- In reality, this meant that Egypt was now under the control of Rome. After winning more battles against Pompey's supporters in North Africa and the Eastern provinces, Caesar marched his army back to Rome in 45 BC
- Once he had assumed leadership in Rome, he did much to put Rome back in order after years of trouble and disorder
- He completely reconstructed and enlarged the Roman forum, the heart of all public life in Rome, and did much to alleviate poverty and unemployment in the city
- At the same time, however, he worked to increase his own personal power, which earned him the opposition of many people in Rome
Summary:
- What did Pompey do after his defeat by Caesar? He fled to Egypt
- Why did King Ptolemy XIII of Egypt have Pompey murdered? As a peace offering to Caesar
- Who was Cleopatra? Ptolemy's half sister
- How did Caesar make Cleopatra queen of Egypt? By defeating Ptolemy and his allies
- Why did Caesar receive a wonderful reception when he returned to Rome in 45 BC? He had conquered France, Egypt and made the first expedition into Britain
- What did Caesar do to improve life in Rome after years of trouble and disorder? He made laws to help the impoverished
- What effect did Caesar have on others as he increased his own personal power? People began to oppose him
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